Link in an email as a survey response

Yes, this would be possible, and not terribly difficult actually. 

Nerdy tech speak -- Surveys in Luminate Online accept not only POSTs but also GETs. This means one can serialize all of the fields on a Survey and have a constituent submit that Survey by navigating to the Survey URL with the data included as query strings.

So, to do what you're describing, your Survey would need to be setup to include two questions:

1) The "Constituent Registration Information" question, configured to ask for only email address. 

2) A custom "Yes/No" question. 

Once you've setup your Survey, if you go to the URL for it provided on the final step and view source, you should see some HTML like this for your Yes/No question. Take note of the name of the field.

<select name="995_17501_2_10341" id="995_17501_2_10341" onchange="choiceSelected('995_17501_2_10341', this.selectedIndex);">
<option value="NOREPLY" >Please select response</option>
<option value="Yes" >Yes</option>
<option value="No" >No</option>
</select>

With this field's name and the Survey's ID you can construct the URLs for the Yes and No links. In the URLs below, substitute your organization's domain for "www.myorganization.com", your Survey's ID for "17501", and your field's name for "995_17501_2_10341". &cons_email=[[S1rimary_email]] will dynamically pull in each constituent's email address when you send the link in an email. If you want to test this without sending an email, you can update the URL to use a hardcoded email address, e.g. &cons_email=noah.cooper@blackbaud.com.

Yes:

http://www.myorganization.com/site/Survey?SURVEY_ID=17501&cons_info_component=t
&cons_email=[[S1rimary_email]]&995_17501_2_10341=Yes&ACTION_SUBMIT_SURVEY_RESPONSE=Submit

No:

http://www.myorganization.com/site/Survey?SURVEY_ID=17501&cons_info_component=t
&cons_email=[[S1rimary_email]]&995_17501_2_10341=No&ACTION_SUBMIT_SURVEY_RESPONSE=Submit